A kidney biopsy is a medical procedure where a small piece of kidney tissue is removed to examine under a microscope. This is done to check for any signs of damage or disease that may be affecting the kidney’s function or causing other health problems. A kidney biopsy can provide important information about kidney function, helping nephrologists (doctors specializing in kidney health) diagnose and treat kidney conditions. Kidney biopsies are sometimes requested to diagnose suspected kidney issues, such as IgA Nephropathy (IgAN), or to develop treatment plans based on the kidney’s current condition. Additionally, kidney biopsies can help determine how quickly a kidney is deteriorating or improving, and monitor the health of a transplanted kidney.
In the US, nearly two million kidney biopsies are performed each year at a rate of 175 procedures per million population. Kidney biopsies can reveal important information about kidney function and inform nephrologists about the possible cause of symptoms that brought the patient in for a visit in the first place. Nephrologists also study how the kidneys affect other parts of your body, such as the immune and cardiovascular systems.
Your doctor may recommend a kidney biopsy to:
After the procedure, most patients can leave the hospital the same day or around 12 to 24 hours after the procedure. It’s important to rest for another day or two and to ask your care team about any activity restrictions, such as work, heavy lifting, and strenuous exercise. The area where the biopsy was performed may be tender for a few days, but this discomfort is typically mild and easily managed.
Many patients and families who encounter a renal biopsy wonder, “What will a kidney biopsy reveal?” Generally, a kidney biopsy will reveal scarring, inflammation, and protein deposits that may not be visible in other diagnostic tests, such as ultrasounds, blood, and urine tests. Abnormal biopsy results may indicate unexpected scarring, inflammation, or protein deposits that shouldn’t be there.
An abnormal biopsy result might reveal:
After the biopsy has been performed, It may take between three to five days for the results to be available. This is because a specially trained pathologist must read and interpret the biopsy.
Several symptoms may indicate a need for a kidney biopsy. This will be determined by your nephrologist, but generally, these symptoms include:
The first signs of kidney issues usually include blood and protein in the urine, swelling in your hands and feet, and high blood pressure. Kidney biopsies are ordered to confirm suspicions that these symptoms are directly related to the kidney.
The scarring, inflammation, and protein deposits that may be revealed by kidney biopsies can help nephrologists determine:
The results of a kidney biopsy can be used to diagnose and formulate a treatment plan with the patient if the results call for it.
Preparing for a kidney biopsy is an essential step to ensure the procedure goes smoothly and effectively. Before your biopsy, it is important to meet with your physician to discuss the procedure, what to expect, and how to prepare. Be sure to bring a list of all the medications you take, including over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, herbal supplements, or other home remedies.
To minimize the risk of bleeding, it is crucial to stop taking certain medications before the biopsy. These typically include blood thinning medications such as warfarin, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, or enoxaparin, as well as ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Your care team will let you know when these medications should be stopped and when they can be continued again. In general, it is recommended to stop these medications at least seven days before the biopsy, although some medical professionals may suggest stopping them up to fourteen days before the procedure. Your care team will also provide instructions on when it is safe to resume taking these medications, typically seven to fourteen days after the procedure.
It is also important not to eat or drink for up to eight hours before the procedure to ensure that your stomach is empty during the procedure. Kidney biopsy anesthesia is usually local, which means you will be receiving numbing medication to the area where the biopsy will be done. This will help to ensure that you do not feel any pain during the procedure. You will be positioned lying down on an exam table, and the biopsy location will depend on whether the kidney is transplanted or not.
If the biopsy is being performed on a native kidney (a kidney in its original position), you will be positioned on your stomach with a pillow placed underneath your rib cage to help expose the kidney. If the biopsy is being performed on a transplanted kidney, you will lie on your back. The doctor will use an ultrasound probe to identify where to insert the needle. The doctor will then mark the skin, disinfect the area, and apply a local anesthetic. They will then make a very small incision where the needle will go in and use the ultrasound probe to guide the needle into the kidney. You may feel a small pinch, pop, or pressure as the sample is collected. The entire procedure, from start to finish, typically lasts about an hour.
After the sample has been collected, the doctor will remove the needle and a bandage over the incision site. It’s common to feel a little soreness or discomfort at the biopsy site, but this should improve in a few days. It’s essential to follow your doctor's instructions regarding recovery, which may include resting for a short time and avoiding strenuous activities for a few days.
While complications are rare, it’s essential to monitor your symptoms after the biopsy. Your doctor will provide you with detailed instructions on what to look out for and when to seek medical attention. For example, if you experience significant pain, swelling, or bleeding from the biopsy site, or if you develop a fever or chills, contact your doctor immediately. By following these guidelines and working closely with your healthcare team, you can minimize your risk of complications and ensure a successful biopsy.
Kidney biopsies are one of the least invasive and most confident methods to diagnose kidney disease and other problems that impact the kidney. Recovery from a kidney biopsy is usually straightforward. Although many patients can leave the hospital the same day of the procedure, it is not uncommon to stay overnight or 12 to 24 hours after the procedure. This is to monitor any issues that may come up such as minor bleeding or tenderness in the area.
It is normal to experience some slight abdominal pain and tenderness for a few days after the procedure. Your care team will inform you of specific restrictions, such as no heavy lifting, driving, or showering for 24 to 48 hours after the biopsy. Specific recovery recommendations may be unique to each case, but, general kidney biopsy aftercare instructions include:
While it is common to experience some slight tenderness in the days following a biopsy and have some minor bleeding on the biopsy bandage, severe pain after a kidney biopsy is not normal. If you experience severe pain or any of these other symptoms after your biopsy, you should contact your healthcare provider right away:
The rate of serious complications in the case of a kidney biopsy is very low - between 1% and 7%. Your doctor should inform you of the results of your biopsy at your follow-up appointment, usually received within 3 to 5 days of the procedure. However, a partial report may be available in less than 24 hours. Kidney biopsy results can be used to create a treatment plan for the symptoms that resulted in the biopsy in the first place or to stabilize a pre-existing treatment plan. Working with your doctor to create a care plan for recovery as you await the results of your biopsy may be useful in ensuring a smooth recovery.
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List the names of all the doctors, hospitals, and other facilities your loved one visits regularly, along with those they have visited in the past. Try to go back as far as you can, striving for at least the last 5-10 years, but do your best. Even if you can’t remember them all, having a strong baseline can help you quickly identify gaps in records.
It is important to make sure that you are fully empowered to make decisions on behalf of your loved one with Alzheimer’s. Your relationship status with the patient may not be enough to legally give you access to your loved one's medical information. It is a good idea to talk to an expert about securing special legal status, such as Power of Attorney (POA), a legal document that allows an individual to name someone as their decision maker should they no longer be able to make decisions on their own.
It’s important to have all of your loved one’s medical records together in one spot. This makes it much easier for you and your loved one’s physicians to accurately map the patient’s medical journey and more easily share information between doctors. Fortunately, tools exist to make record management and access simple. A free resource like PicnicHealth helps you collect and organize all of this information. PicnicHealth’s intuitive timeline allows you to pinpoint data across the medical history, eliminating your need for keeping heavy binders filled with paper records or keeping track of multiple software portal logins.
The better you understand your loved one's medical history, the better you can advocate on their behalf. Access and understanding of this information will help you to ask informed questions with physicians. Through regular communication backed by the data in the medical records, you can help your loved one’s care team develop a more successful care plan.
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Learn MoreWhen you’re juggling appointment times and insurance claims, putting a robust support system together might not strike you as the most urgent task. Investing the time to cultivate relationships with people can turn to in times of need will pay dividends. The next time you need a last-minute ride or just someone to listen, you won’t be on your own.
There are many condition-specific support groups and support groups for caregivers generally in person or online. In addition to the encouragement and empathy they provide, support groups can be a helpful source of tips, resources, and recommendations for navigating caregiving.
The backbone of effective caregiving is organization. Keep medical information, appointment schedules, and medication lists in order. Use a planner or a digital service like PicnicHealth to stay on top of your responsibilities. This attention to detail can prevent future complications and reduce day-to-day stress.
We’ve seen incredible breakthroughs in treatment over the past couple of years, powered by patients and their caregivers participating in research. Stay in the loop about the latest in medical advancements and available resources that could benefit your loved one. Whether it’s a new therapy option or a community service that aids independence, being informed can make a world of difference in the quality of care you provide.
It may seem self-centered to focus on self-care—but when you feel good, you can be a better caregiver. Whether it’s exercise, a mindfulness practice, a soak in the bath, or just time to rest when you need it, carve out those moments in the day when you can unwind, reset, and stay healthy mentally and physically. Think of it as building up your reserves of kindness, patience, and understanding—which can only benefit your loved one. No one can pour from an empty cup.
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